Chifukwa chiyani anthu aku Italiya amagwiritsa ntchito mawu ambiri popereka malangizo osavuta

"Makhalidwe achi Italy akuti "zambiri" akuwonekera ku Italy konse.

Ku Italy, mupeza zizindikiro zokhudza masks okhala ndi mawu 40 m'chinenero cha boma. Zizindikiro zoletsa kusuta zili ndi mawu 109 a malamulo, ndipo zizindikiro zosavuta za chimbudzi zitha kukhala ndi mawu 122. Kodi tingapeze zifukwa ziti za izi m'gulu la anthu aku Italy?

Zina mwazatsopano zomwe mliri wa Covid-19 watipatsa - kuwonjezera pa masks amaso komanso zopumira m'zigongono - ndi zizindikiro zingapo zatsopano zomwe zimatilangiza momwe tiyenera kuchitira. M'chilimwe cha 2020, ndidakwera ndege kuchokera ku London kupita ku Italy, Denmark, ndi Sweden, pomwe zoletsa kuyenda zidalola, ndipo ndidawona kusiyana kosangalatsa kwamalangizo ogwiritsira ntchito masks kumaso.

Bwalo la ndege la Heathrow ku London linali ndi zikwangwani zonena kuti, “Uyenera kuvala chophimba kumaso pamalo okwererapo.” Zikwangwani pa eyapoti ya Copenhagen zidalangiza kuti "Chonde kumbukirani kuvala chigoba chachipatala," ndipo bwalo la ndege ku Stockholm linati, "Gwiritsirani ntchito chophimba kumaso pamalo ofikira." Pabwalo la ndege la ku Rome la Fiumicino, komabe, ndinalandilidwa ndi chikwangwani chokhala ndi mawu 40:

"Malinga ndi zomwe zili ndi Covid-19 zomwe zidaperekedwa ndi chigamulo cha Purezidenti wa Council of Ministers pa Epulo 26, 2020, kugwiritsa ntchito chitetezo cha kupuma kumafunika m'malo omwe anthu ambiri amakhalamo. Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito masks ndikokakamiza ngakhale mkati mwa eyapoti. ”

Ngakhale kuti Italy ali ndi chidwi ndi zizindikiro ngati izi mu bureaucratese, Ine kalekale ndi chilakolako Italy ndi wokongola Chitaliyana chinenero pamene kukula Sweden ndi Finland. Nditaphunzira Chitaliyana pa Yunivesite ya Stockholm ananditsogolera ku malo osinthira ana asukulu mumzinda wa Padua kumpoto kwa Italy, ndinakhala ku Italy kwa zaka zitatu. Ndinaphunzira bwino Chitaliyana ndipo ndinachita digiri ya master ya maphunziro a kulankhulana pa yunivesite ya Bologna.

Ngakhale ndinachoka ku Italy mu 2014, dzikolo ndi chinenero chake sizinandisiye - makamaka popeza bwenzi langa limachokera ku Italy kumwera kwa Apulia dera. Panopa ndikukhala ku United Kingdom ndipo nthawi zonse ndimayang'ana kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe pakati pa Northern Europe ndi Italy, zomwe zapangitsa kuti anthu a ku Italy agwiritse ntchito mawu ochuluka ngati zizindikiro zosavuta.

Chitaliyana kale chinali chilankhulo chapamwamba

Chitaliyana, chomwe chimachokera ku chilankhulo cha Tuscan, kwa nthawi yayitali chinkagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabuku ndi pa opera okha ndipo chinkadziwika ndi anthu ophunzira kwambiri. Chinakhala chilankhulo cha dziko mu 1861 , pamene Italy inagwirizana kukhala dziko limodzi.

Anthu okhala ku chilumba cha Italy ankalankhula zilankhulo za m'madera osiyanasiyana, zomwe zambiri zimaonedwa kuti ndi zilankhulo zosiyana , monga Neapolitan, Venetian, ndi Sardinian. Chiitaliya chinafalikira pang'onopang'ono m'masukulu, usilikali, kusamuka kwa anthu m'dzikolo, ndipo, pambuyo pake, kudzera pa wailesi yakanema.

Chilankhulo cha Bureaucratic chinali chikhalidwe cha dziko latsopano lomwe likukhazikitsa malamulo ake, ndipo cholowa cha njira iyi chikuwonekerabe mpaka pano. Mutha kuwona izi muzizindikiro za "osasuta" m'malesitilanti omwe ali ndi mawu 109 muzamalamulo.

Pa nthawi ya mliriwu, boma nthawi zambiri linkalankhula m'mabungwe a boma. Polengeza zoletsa zatsopano za coronavirus, Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte nthawi zambiri ankapereka "DPCM," chidule chomwe chimabwerezedwa m'manyuzipepala ndipo pamapeto pake chimalembedwa ndi nzika ndi makampani. Komabe, tanthauzo lake silimafotokozedwa kawirikawiri ("decreto del presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri," kutanthauza "lamulo la purezidenti wa Bungwe la Atumiki").

Chitsanzo chomwe chakambidwa kwambiri mu 2020 chinachitika pomwe zoletsa za Covid-19 zidachepetsedwa pambuyo pa funde loyamba la kachilomboka. Prime Minister adalengeza kuti aku Italiya atha kukumana ndi "congiunto," mawu achikale oti "wachibale".

Anthu anasokonezeka kwambiri pamene boma linayesera kufotokoza zomwe amatanthauza, ponena kuti likuphatikizapo maubwenzi ndi "chimake chokhazikika cha chikondi" ("affetto stabile"). Posakhalitsa, ma TV ndi makanema aku Italy adayesa kumasulira mawuwo, ndikufunsa maloya ndikuwonetsa mawu a mtanthauzira mawu omwe amayesa kudziwa ngati izi zidaphatikizapo abwenzi. Njira yolankhulirana yovomerezekayi idatchedwanso "anti-language" wolemba Italo Calvino.

Anthu a ku Italy amakonda zinenero zovuta kumvetsa

Anthu a ku Italiya amayamikira luso lolankhula bwino polemba ndi kulankhula, ndipo mofanana ndi matchalitchi a Katolika a ku Baroque okongoletsedwa, mukamawonjezera, zimakhala bwino. Chilankhulo ngati Swedish, mosiyana - monga mipingo yake ya Chiprotestanti - ndi yachindunji, yachindunji, ndikuchotsa kuchulukira kosafunikira.

Makhalidwe a ku Italy "zambiri" amawonekera ku Italy konse. Ngakhale malipoti amakampani aku Europe akucheperachepera, ku Italy, akutalika chaka chilichonse.

Chifukwa chimodzi ndi chakuti umunthu ndi zaluso ndizofunikira kwambiri ku Italy. Ndizomveka, chifukwa ndi dziko la Renaissance ndipo lili ndi malo apamwamba kwambiri a UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Mtundu wotchuka kwambiri wa sukulu yasekondale, “liceo classico,” umaphunzitsa Chilatini ndi Chigiriki Chakale. Dzikoli lili ndi kuwirikiza kawiri kuchuluka kwa omaliza maphunziro a kuyunivesite m'maphunziro aumunthu poyerekeza ndi Germany, ndipo ngakhale ophunzira azachipatala ku Italy amaphunzira zolemba ndi nzeru.

Kugogomezera kwambiri luso la chilankhulo kukuwonetsedwa m'nkhani za ku Italy. Pali kugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso mawu ofanana, mawu ophiphiritsa, mawu ofotokozera, mafanizo a mpira , mawu achilatini monga “tertium non datur,” ndi mawu achingerezi, monga “nzeru yogwira ntchito” ndi “tsiku la chisankho.”

Nkhani yodziwika bwino kwambiri ingakhale: "Chiwonetsero cha rebus cha nyumba yachifumu ya Farnesina chathetsedwa, utsi woyera wochokera ku nyumba yachifumu ya Chigi" ("Rebus Farnesina risolto, dopo la fumata bianca da Palazzo Chigi"). Zimangotanthauza kuti funso la nduna yatsopano yakunja yathetsedwa, pambuyo pa mgwirizano ndi boma.

Anthu a ku Italy amakonda kusunga miyambo

Anthu aku Italiya amakonda miyambo yawo, ndipo sindikunena za chakudya chokoma kapena zikondwerero za oyera mtima am'deralo. Kafukufuku wapadziko lonse mu 2015 adawonetsa kuti 46% ya anthu aku Italiya amalankhulabe zilankhulo ndi zilankhulo zawo kunyumba, m'malo mwa Chitaliyana.

Anthu a ku Italiya amamatiranso ku mitundu yakale ya galamala yomwe zinenero zina za Chiromance zasiya. Ngakhale kuti Achifalansa asiya nthawi yapitayi ya "passé simple" kukhala chinenero cholembedwa ndipo anasiya kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yapitayi "subjonctif plus-que-parfait," anthu a ku Italy amasungabe "passato remoto" ndi "congiuntivo trapassato." Fomu ya "passato remoto" ikuchita bwino kwambiri kumwera kotero kuti imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokambirana tsiku ndi tsiku.

Utsogoleri wa boma ukupitirizabe kusunga chikhalidwe chake cha bureaucratese. Ndinakumana ndi izi panthawi yophunzira ku maofesi a boma lachigawo panthawi ya maphunziro anga ku Bologna. Lingaliro m'boma likadali loti mawu akadali okhazikika, m'pamenenso amakulitsa ulamuliro ndi ulemu pakati pa nzika.

Komabe, pali anthu amene amayesa kusintha zinthu. Pa digiri yanga ku Bologna, akatswiri odziwa kulumikizana, monga Pina Lalli, Roberto Grandi, ndi Alessandro Rovinetti, adalalikira kufunikira kwa chidziwitso chosavuta kwa nzika. Ndipo pamaphunziro anga ku Padua, katswiri wa zilankhulo Michele Cortelazzo adandilimbikitsa kuti akuluakulu aboma azilankhulana momveka bwino.

Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1990, kusintha ndi malamulo zinaperekedwa kuti zisinthe ndikupangitsa kuti kulankhulana kwa boma kukhale kosavuta. Komabe, kusintha kumeneku sikunatsatidwe ndi kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake, ndipo zinthu zabwino zakhala zikuchitika makamaka pazochitika za munthu payekha, monga momwe Cortelazzo akunenera.

***

Anthu a ku Italy amaona kuti kulankhula bwino ndi kucholoŵana kwa zinenero n’kofunika kwambiri, ndipo akuluakulu aboma akhala akulankhula ndi anthu apamwamba m’mbiri yakale. Mukakwatirana ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chimakonda kusunga malamulo ndi miyambo ya chinenero, ndiye kuti kukhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali mu zizindikiro zowonongeka kumayamba kumveka bwino.

Katswiri wa zilankhulo Carla Vergaro wanenanso kuti Chitaliyana ndi chilankhulo “choyenera owerenga” – ndi udindo wa owerenga kutanthauzira ndikupeza tanthauzo la malemba ovuta. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, katswiri wa zilankhulo John Hinds amaona kuti Chingerezi ndi chilankhulo “choyenera olemba” , komwe udindo wolankhulana bwino uli ndi wolemba.

Kusiyanaku kunkawoneka bwino nditafika pabwalo la ndege la Heathrow ku London ndipo nditazunguliridwanso ndi mauthenga achidule, omveka bwino azomwe ndiyenera kuchita pa nthawi ya mliri. Poyamba, zinali zotsitsimula kuwona mauthenga achindunjiwa nditawona zizindikiro zambiri zamalamulo ku Italy. Koma m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, sindikanachitira mwina koma kumva kuti mauthenga Achingelezi anali kundilangiza ngati kuti ndinali mwana wosamvera.

Pamapeto pake, ndinadzipeza ndikulakalaka mwamseri chikwangwani cha Chitaliyana, chokhala ndi mawu 40 opereka malangizo osavuta.

Anders Pettersson
Wogulitsa malonda a digito omwe ali ndi zilankhulo zambiri yemwe wakhalapo ku Finland, Sweden, Italy, Belgium ndi UK.

Source: Verbalists Education & Language Network